1. As currently defined by the court, possessing a gun is an individual right. You do not need a permit for free speech, to worship, or to put something in a newspaper (all 1st amendment rights). I could go on and on regarding the 4th, 5th, etc. amendments (I'll skip trying to talk about the 3rd Amendment).
2. I agree fully with background checks. They should be free to the public, and everyone should be able to run a check. This eliminates that "gun show loophole" and completely levels the playing field. However, background checks must be instant in nature, e.g., when submitted and answer must be given immediately. Also, once a background check is completed, that would satisfy the need for any further checks for 1 - 2 calendar years. Once a citizen has been certified, no need for further checks until the end of that period.
3. Agree. Some sort of proof of familiarity with the type weapon being bought, with exemptions for military and police veterans who can prove use of that type weapon (qualification badges/records, awards, etc.) As an example, I was the Armorer for my unit, and we had bolt-action rifles, recoil-operated rifles, and gas-operated automatic weapons, revolvers, semi-automatic pistols, sub-machine guns, and full up machine guns. They are all listed on my training records. I don't think I should have to take additional classes and testing.
4. As you state, the age thing. If someone can enlist in the military and die for their country at 17 (with parental consent), I see no reason why owning weapons should be any different (I have the same argument for all of the vices as well, such as smoking, drinking, and age of consent for sex)
5. If you want insurance, it should be optional. Otherwise, it is a tax on a right.
6. With proof of background check, purchase away, no waiting period.
7. Nope.
8. Nope. Against the 2nd Amendment. Don't like it, repeal the 2nd Amendment (I won't hold my breath on this one).
9. I don't think a record of what is bought should be kept. Only that you have had the check run. From there, it is no one else's business but your own.
10. I think it should be like driving, with points assessed for different issues. Accidental discharge (no injury), Accidental discharge (with injury), child handling weapon unsupervised, etc. I also believe that the whole restraining order weapon loss needs to be revamped. I have personally seen three many cases where vindictive spouses have claimed abuse, and multi-thousand dollar weapon collections were confiscated and damaged to such an extent that they were essentially valueless. Let alone trying to recover weapons at a later date, once the charges were disproven for found lacking on grounds.