besides the 10 commandments. Jews of Jesus' time considered them commandments from God to obey as much as the ones we know as the 10 commandments. They concerned things like alms, priestly rules for purity, dietary laws, etc.
I cannot quote for you the source that Jesus was referring to. I presume that he was learned in the Jewish scriptures and how they were taught by the priests and religious teachers. Doesn't the Bible say that he discussed and argued religious law and points with them from a young age and into adulthood? For the temptation story to appear in writings like Matthew for the early Christians, many of whom were from Jewish backgrounds themselves, suggests that they would have recognized the reference.
Of the 4 Gospels, Matthew is the most "Jewish oriented" in its chapters and verses. Yes, it was written in its final form many years after the events that it depicts, and after the destruction of Jerusalem by Rome. But there were oral stories and written pieces from earlier years, exchanged among the early followers, before the form we know was written, before Christians were called Christians, when they were known as and considered themselves a Jewish sect..
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